In the intricate web of global trade, ship-to-shore (STS) cranes stand as pivotal components, facilitating the seamless movement of goods across the world’s ports. However, the dominance of Chinese-manufactured STS cranes, particularly those from state-owned Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. (ZPMC), has sparked significant concern and scrutiny. With nearly 80% of U.S. ports relying on these cranes, the potential for cyber vulnerabilities and espionage has become a pressing national security issue.

This in-depth guide delves into the world of Chinese-made shipping yard cranes, exploring their technological advancements, market dominance, and the associated security risks. Readers will gain insights into the cyber risk management directives issued by the U.S. Coast Guard, the implications of remote access and control features in these cranes, and the ongoing efforts to mitigate these risks. Additionally, the guide will cover the economic and geopolitical dimensions, including new tariffs and initiatives to reshore crane manufacturing in

China Shipyard Crane Manufacturers, Suppliers, Factory

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Guide to Shipyard Cranes

Introduction

Shipyard cranes are specialized lifting equipment designed to handle the unique demands of shipbuilding and repair operations. These cranes are crucial for lifting, moving, and positioning heavy ship components and sections within a shipyard.

Types of Shipyard Cranes

Gantry Cranes

Gantry cranes are one of the most common types used in shipyards. They consist of one or more beams supported by legs that straddle the dock and move along tracks.
– Specifications:
– Lifting Capacity: 5~500 tons[1][2] – Span Length: 12~35 meters[1][2] – Working Class: A5, A6[1] – Applications:
– Transporting subsections of large ships
– Butt jointing and overhead turning on the dock or shipyard[1]

Semi-Gantry Cranes

Semi-gantry cranes are smaller or mid-sized cranes used for material handling in various settings, including shipyards.
– Specifications:
– Lifting Capacity: 2~10 tons[1] – Span Length: 8~20 meters[1] – Working Class: A3, A4[1] – Applications:
– Loading and unloading materials in warehouses and outdoor areas[1]

Double Girder Gantry Cranes

These cranes are applied to open warehouses or along rails for general handling and lifting work.
– Specifications:
– Lifting Capacity: 5~500 tons[1] – Span Length: 12~35 meters[1] – Working Class: A5, A6[1] – Applications:
– General material handling in shipyards and other industrial settings[1]

Truss Gantry Cranes

Truss gantry cranes are designed for windy environments, offering high safety, lower price, and lighter weight.
– Specifications:
– Lifting Capacity: 1~50 tons[1] – Span Length: 12~35 meters[1] – Working Class: A5, A6[1] – Applications:
– Material handling in windy conditions within shipyards[1]

Overhead and Tower Cranes

These cranes are also used in shipyards for their ability to reach high heights and handle heavy loads.
– Specifications:
– Tower Cranes: Can reach heights of up to 1,000 meters with load capacities ranging from 2 to over 100 tons[3][4] – Overhead Cranes: Used for precise load handling and can be integrated into the shipyard’s infrastructure[2] – Applications:
– Lifting loads to very high heights, especially in shipyard constructions[3][4]

Design and Configuration

Structural Components

• Beams and Legs: Gantry cranes consist of one or more beams supported by legs that straddle the dock and move along tracks[2].
• Lifting Mechanism: The lifting mechanism includes block and tackle, allowing the crane to move back and forth along the beam[2].

Safety and Efficiency Features

• High Lifting Capacity: Shipyard cranes are designed to handle heavy loads, ensuring efficient material handling[2].
• Precision Control: Modern shipyard cranes often feature hydraulic extended booms and operator cabins for precise control[2].

Applications in Shipbuilding

Handling Ship Parts

• Shipyard cranes are used to lift, lower, and move heavy ship parts and hull sections[2].

Construction and Assembly

• These cranes are essential for constructing and assembling ships, including butt jointing and overhead turning operations[1].

How to Choose a Shipyard Crane

Lifting Capacity

• The choice of crane depends on the type of load to be handled and the crane’s lifting capacity[2].

Duty Class and Duty Cycle

• Consider the duty class and duty cycle rating, measured in lifts per hour, to ensure the crane meets the operational demands[2].

Workspace Considerations

• The crane’s span length, lifting height, and outreach must be compatible with the shipyard’s layout and the specific tasks to be performed[1][2].

Services and Maintenance

Crane Project Design

• Custom design services ensure the crane is tailored to solve specific material handling problems without unnecessary expenditures[1].

Installation and Training

• On-site installation services and comprehensive training programs for crane operators, maintenance, and inspection are crucial for optimal performance[1].

Lifetime Maintenance

• Regular maintenance ensures safety and working efficiency, extending the lifespan of the crane[1].

Technical Support

• Technical support is available to address any technical issues that may arise during the crane’s operation[1].

Conclusion

Shipyard cranes are vital components of modern shipbuilding operations, offering high lifting capacities, precision control, and efficient material handling. By understanding the different types of shipyard cranes, their specifications, and applications, shipyards can optimize their operations and ensure safe and efficient construction and repair processes. Regular maintenance and technical support are also essential to maintain the performance and longevity of these critical pieces of equipment.

Shipyard Cranes

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Shipbuilding Gantry Cranes: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

Shipbuilding gantry cranes are specialized industrial cranes designed to handle the complex and heavy tasks involved in shipbuilding. These cranes are crucial for the efficient transport, assembly, and lifting of hull components and other sections of large ships.

Types of Shipbuilding Gantry Cranes

Single Girder Gantry Cranes

• Design and Features: Single girder gantry cranes are characterized by their simple structure, ease of manufacture and installation, and lightweight design[1][2][4].
• Specifications: Typically have a lifting capacity of 1-20 tons and a span length of 8-30 meters. They operate under working classes A3 and A4[1][2].
• Applications: Widely used in workshops, storage facilities, ports, and outdoor locations where lighter lifting capacities are sufficient.

Double Girder Gantry Cranes

• Design and Features: Double girder gantry cranes offer higher lifting capacities, larger spans, and stronger overall stability compared to single girder cranes[1][2][4].
• Specifications: Can handle lifting capacities from 5 to 500 tons, with span lengths ranging from 12 to 35 meters. They operate under working classes A5 and A6[1][2].
• Applications: Ideal for open warehouses, rail yards, and general handling and lifting work in shipyards where heavy-duty operations are required.

Semi-Gantry Cranes

• Design and Features: Semi-gantry cranes are smaller or medium-sized cranes that save on costs by utilizing existing workshop structures. They are often used for material handling in outdoor places and warehouses[2].
• Specifications: Typically have a lifting capacity of 2-10 tons and a span length of 8-20 meters, operating under working classes A3 and A4[2].

Truss Gantry Cranes

• Design and Features: Truss gantry cranes are designed for windy environments, offering high safety, lower prices, and lighter weights[2].
• Specifications: Can handle lifting capacities from 1 to 50 tons, with span lengths ranging from 12 to 35 meters, and operate under working classes A5 and A6[2].

Key Features and Functions

Lifting and Transport

• Shipbuilding gantry cranes are designed to transport subsections of large ships, perform butt jointing, and handle hull lifting, reversing, and assembly with high reliability and stability[1][2][5].

Section Reverse Lifting and Turning

• Some advanced shipbuilding gantry cranes can achieve lifting capacities of up to 1000 tons using multiple trolleys and can perform section reverse lifting and turning over[3].

Customization

• These cranes can be customized to meet specific shipyard applications and lifting requirements. They can be designed with various configurations to suit different needs[1][2][5].

Technical Specifications

Span and Lifting Height

• The span of shipbuilding gantry cranes can range from 10 to 200 meters, and the lifting height can go up to 80 meters[3][5].

Power and Control

• These cranes often use a 3-phase AC power source, with frequencies such as 50Hz and voltages up to 10KV. The total power consumption can be as high as 1500KW. The movements’ speeds can be adjusted using frequency inverters[3].

Safety Features

• Shipbuilding gantry cranes are equipped with safety features such as anti-tipping mechanisms to prevent accidents in windy conditions[5].

Applications and Use Cases

Shipbuilding and Repair

• These cranes are essential in shipyards for the construction and repair of ships, facilitating the transport of all necessary parts from the ground to the manufacturing site[5].

Dry Docks and Ports

• They are also used in dry docks and ports for handling and lifting tasks associated with shipbuilding and repair[5].

Maintenance and Support

Installation

• Professional installation services are available to ensure easy and efficient setup of the cranes[2].

Lifetime Maintenance

• Regular maintenance is crucial for the safety and working efficiency of these cranes. Manufacturers often provide lifetime maintenance services[2].

Training and Technical Support

• Training programs for crane operators include instruction on operation, maintenance, inspection, and spare parts. Technical support is also available to address any technical issues[2].

Conclusion

Shipbuilding gantry cranes are vital tools in the shipbuilding industry, offering high efficiency, multiple functions, and the capability to handle heavy lifting tasks. By understanding the different types, features, and applications of these cranes, shipyards can select and customize the right equipment to meet their specific needs, ensuring safe and efficient shipbuilding operations.

Chinese-Built Port Cranes May Be Able to Call …

Chinese-Built Port Cranes: Potential National Security Risks

Introduction

Chinese-built cargo cranes at U.S. ports have raised significant concerns regarding national security and cybersecurity. These cranes, predominantly manufactured by Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries Co. (ZPMC), a Chinese company, have been found to contain unexpected communication devices that could be exploited for espionage and disruption of critical infrastructure.

Discovery of Communication Devices

A congressional investigation uncovered that several Chinese-built cargo cranes at U.S. seaports contain communications equipment, including cellular modems, that were not requested by the ports. These modems enable remote access and monitoring of the cranes’ operations, which is not typical for standard crane maintenance and operations[1][2][3].

Potential for Espionage and Disruption

The presence of these communication devices heightens concerns about the potential for espionage and disruption of port operations. Experts warn that these devices could be used by the Chinese government to collect intelligence on port activities, including the tracking of cargo and logistics. Moreover, there is a risk that these cranes could be remotely controlled to disrupt or even destroy critical infrastructure, particularly in the event of a conflict with China[1][2][3].

Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities

The cranes’ operational technology (OT) systems are vulnerable to exploitation, allowing potential adversaries to shut down domestic port operations. This could have catastrophic economic and security consequences, disrupting both commercial and military supply chains. The U.S. Coast Guard has emphasized that these vulnerabilities could be exploited by near-peer nation-state adversaries, such as China, to cripple the U.S. economy through cyberattacks[3][5].

Chinese Government Response

The Chinese government has denied any national security threat posed by these cranes, labeling the concerns as “entirely paranoia” and an “abuse of national power to obstruct normal economic and trade cooperation.” However, U.S. lawmakers and security experts remain skeptical, pointing out the strategic importance of these cranes in China’s broader efforts to collect valuable intelligence and exploit vulnerabilities in U.S. critical infrastructure[1][2].

U.S. Response and Mitigation Efforts

In response to these concerns, the Biden administration has announced plans to invest over $20 billion in the production of domestically built cranes to replace the Chinese-manufactured ones. Additionally, the administration has introduced maritime cybersecurity measures to protect against potential Chinese cyberattacks on critical infrastructure. The U.S. Coast Guard is working closely with crane owners and operators to ensure compliance with new cybersecurity directives[2][3].

Historical Context and Precedents

This is not the first instance of Chinese technology being used for espionage. Previous incidents, such as the insertion of a computer “worm” virus into a major package carrier’s internal systems via handheld barcode readers made in China, have highlighted the risks associated with using Chinese-manufactured technology in critical infrastructure[3].

Conclusion

The presence of communication devices in Chinese-built port cranes at U.S. ports poses significant national security and cybersecurity risks. The U.S. government’s efforts to replace these cranes with domestically manufactured ones and implement robust cybersecurity measures are crucial steps in mitigating these risks and protecting critical infrastructure from potential exploitation by foreign adversaries.

Why China hawks care so much about cranes

Chinese Cargo Cranes: Security Risks to US Ports

Introduction

The use of Chinese-made cargo cranes in US ports has raised significant security concerns due to potential cyber vulnerabilities and national security risks. Here is a comprehensive guide outlining the key issues and recommendations based on recent investigations and reports.

Dominance of Chinese Cranes in US Ports

• Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries (ZPMC), a company owned and controlled by the People’s Republic of China (PRC), dominates the global market for ship-to-shore (STS) port cranes, accounting for roughly 80% of those operational in the US[1][3][5].

Security Risks and Vulnerabilities

Cybersecurity Concerns

• ZPMC cranes have been found to contain cellular modems that could be used for remote access, potentially allowing the Chinese government to gain covert access to the machines. These modems were sometimes installed without the knowledge or consent of US port authorities[2][3][5].
• The presence of these modems raises concerns about espionage and the potential for disrupting supply chains and port operations.

National Security Implications

• ZPMC is identified as a “Communist Chinese Military Company” by the Department of Defense and is involved in militarizing the South China Sea. This association heightens national security concerns[1][3][5].
• The PRC’s national security laws mandate that companies cooperate with state intelligence agencies, which means ZPMC could be compelled to provide access to the Chinese government[1][3][5].

Lack of Oversight and Contractual Gaps

• US ports have multimillion-dollar contracts with ZPMC that do not prohibit or limit unauthorized modifications or access to equipment and technology. These contracts also do not specifically bar the vendor from installing backdoors into the equipment[1][5].

Component Assembly and Oversight

• Critical crane components from other countries (e.g., Germany, Japan, Switzerland) are shipped to China for assembly by ZPMC without oversight from the original manufacturers. This lack of oversight increases the risk of unauthorized modifications[1].

Investigation Findings

Congressional Probe

• A year-long joint investigation by the House Homeland Security Committee and the Select Committee on the Chinese Communist Party uncovered significant security vulnerabilities in ZPMC cranes. The investigation found that the cranes could be used for espionage and sabotage, and that ZPMC had pressured port operators to allow remote access to the cranes[2][3][5].

Discovery of Unauthorized Equipment

• The investigation revealed that more than 12 cellular modems were found in Chinese-made cranes, some of which were not requested by the ports and were installed without their knowledge[2][3].

Recommendations and Actions

Immediate Security Measures

• The committees recommend severing the connections between ZPMC cranes and cellular modems and installing operational technology monitoring software to mitigate the risks[1][3].

Regulatory and Policy Changes

• The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the US Coast Guard are advised to prioritize closing security gaps at strategic seaports, particularly at Guam’s port, and ensure the safety and security of DoD-designated commercial strategic seaports[1].

MARSEC Directive 105-5

• The US Coast Guard has issued MARSEC Directive 105-5, which outlines additional cyber risk management actions for STS cranes made by Chinese companies. This directive includes requirements for owners or operators to contact their local Captain of the Port to acquire the directive and implement necessary security measures[4].

Broader Implications and Future Steps

Executive Order and Funding

• The Biden-Harris administration has announced an Executive Order to strengthen maritime cybersecurity, fortify the supply chain, and strengthen the US industrial base, including a $20 billion investment into US port infrastructure over the next five years[1][5].

Industry and Stakeholder Engagement

• There is a need for port authorities and industry stakeholders to be more vigilant and proactive in pushing back against ZPMC demands for remote access and to seek alternative manufacturers to reduce dependence on Chinese-made cranes[5].

Conclusion

The reliance on Chinese-made cargo cranes in US ports poses significant cybersecurity and national security risks. Addressing these risks requires immediate action, including severing unauthorized connections, implementing robust security measures, and diversifying the supply chain to reduce dependence on Chinese manufacturers.

Joint Investigation into CCP-Backed Company Supplying …

Joint Investigation into CCP-Backed Company Supplying Cranes to U.S. Ports: Key Findings and Implications

Introduction

A joint investigation by several House committees has uncovered significant security concerns related to Chinese-built cargo cranes deployed at various U.S. ports. The investigation focuses on Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries (ZPMC), a state-owned Chinese manufacturer.

Discovery of Unauthorized Communications Equipment

• Cellular Modems: The investigation revealed the presence of cellular modems on ZPMC ship-to-shore (STS) crane components at multiple U.S. seaports. These modems were not included in the equipment contracts and were installed without the knowledge or request of the U.S. ports.
• Server Room Modem: A cellular modem was also found in the server room of another U.S. port, which houses the firewall and networking equipment for the STS cranes.
• Operational vs. Unexplained Modems: While some modems were used for operational functions such as remote monitoring and maintenance tracking, others were installed without any clear purpose or request from the ports.

Security Concerns

• Potential for Espionage: The presence of these unauthorized modems has fueled concerns within the Biden administration that these cranes could be used for spying on U.S. ports.
• FBI Findings: In 2021, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) discovered intelligence gathering equipment on a vessel delivering ZPMC cranes to the Port of Baltimore, further exacerbating security concerns.
• Proximity to PLA Facilities: Many of the ZPMC cranes were built in an area adjacent to a shipyard where the People’s Liberation Army Navy’s most advanced warships are constructed, including aircraft carriers and destroyers.

Investigation Details

• Scope of ZPMC’s Involvement: ZPMC accounts for nearly 80 percent of the STS cranes in use at U.S. maritime ports.
• International Supply Chain: The investigation also involves the Swiss company ABB, as many operational components manufactured by ABB are shipped to China, stored for several months, and then installed onto U.S.-bound port equipment by ZPMC engineers.
• Congressional Requests: The committees have requested information regarding ZPMC’s engagement with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and any requests from the CCP to ZPMC.

Implications and Reactions

• Legislative and Administrative Response: The findings have prompted concerns among lawmakers, including Tennessee politician Mark Green, who views China as a major threat to U.S. security.
• Cybersecurity Measures: The Biden-Harris Administration has been prompted to bolster the cybersecurity of U.S. ports, with initiatives that include giving the U.S. Coast Guard express authority to respond to malicious cyber activity.

Conclusion

The joint investigation highlights critical security vulnerabilities associated with the use of Chinese-built cranes at U.S. ports. The unauthorized installation of communications equipment and the close ties between ZPMC and the CCP have raised significant espionage concerns. These findings underscore the need for enhanced cybersecurity measures and stricter oversight of foreign-manufactured equipment used in critical U.S. infrastructure.

Konecranes to Build Ports Cranes in the U.S. …

Konecranes to Build Port Cranes in the U.S.: An In-Depth Guide

Introduction

Finnish-based port equipment manufacturer Konecranes is embarking on a significant initiative to establish a network of partners to build a full range of port cranes in the United States. This move is part of a broader effort to reduce dependence on Chinese manufacturers, particularly Shanghai Zhenhua Port Machinery Company (ZMPC), and to enhance the cybersecurity and security of U.S. ports.

Background and Motivation

The initiative follows allegations that Chinese-made port cranes, especially those from ZMPC, posed cybersecurity risks to U.S. ports. Despite ZMPC’s denial of these claims, the U.S. government has taken steps to address these concerns. In May 2024, the U.S. introduced a 25% tariff on the import of Chinese-made ship-to-shore (STS) cranes, aiming to encourage domestic manufacturing and reduce cybersecurity vulnerabilities.

U.S. Government Initiatives

The Biden-Harris Administration has launched several initiatives to enhance the security of the maritime environment and support the American shipbuilding supply chain. Key components include:
– Tariffs on Chinese Cranes: A 25% tariff on Chinese-made STS cranes to discourage imports and promote domestic production.
– Cybersecurity Mandates: New mandates for ports to enhance security, including inspections of cranes to ensure they do not pose cybersecurity threats.
– Build America Buy America (BABA) Act: Part of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, this act requires that all iron, steel, manufactured products, and construction materials used in covered infrastructure projects be produced in the United States.

Konecranes’ Strategy

Konecranes is establishing a network of partners, including steel structure providers and subcontractors, to build port cranes in the U.S. This network is designed to meet the domestic manufacturing criteria set by the BABA Act.

Key Points

• Domestic Manufacturing: Konecranes will manufacture a full range of domestic manufacturing-compliant port cranes, including STS cranes, in the U.S.
• Partnership Network: The company is developing a growing network of U.S. steel structure providers and subcontractors to support this initiative.
• States Involved: The network is expected to grow in states such as Ohio, Virginia, and Wisconsin.
• Workforce and Facilities: Konecranes already operates three crane manufacturing facilities in the U.S., employing approximately 2,200 people and having over 60 branches across the country.

Impact and Requirements

Each STS crane built in the U.S. will require significant resources:
– Steel Production: 1,500 tons of U.S.-made steel.
– Labor Hours: Over 100,000 labor hours for the entire value chain.
– Lead Time: The production and delivery of STS cranes can take several years, indicating a long-term commitment.

Customer Interest and Market Context

Several U.S. port customers have shown initial interest in Konecranes’ U.S.-manufactured port cranes. The American Association of Port Authorities has noted that ports are planning to purchase at least 61 STS cranes in the coming years. This demand is driven by the need for reliable, secure, and high-performance cranes.

Cybersecurity and Modernization

Konecranes also plans to upgrade existing U.S. port cranes with the latest technology and cybersecurity features. This is crucial given the high-level concerns surrounding the cybersecurity of Chinese-made cranes.

Competitive Landscape

China’s ZMPC currently holds an 80% market share worldwide in the crane business. The U.S. initiative aims to reduce this monopoly by promoting domestic and other non-Chinese manufacturers. Additionally, PACECO Corp., a U.S.-based subsidiary of Japan’s Mitsui E&S Co., is planning to relaunch its U.S. manufacturing capability for cranes after a 30-year hiatus.

Conclusion

Konecranes’ decision to build port cranes in the U.S. is a strategic move to align with U.S. government policies, enhance port security, and reduce dependence on Chinese manufacturers. This initiative underscores the company’s commitment to growing its workforce and manufacturing capabilities in the U.S., while also addressing critical cybersecurity concerns in the maritime sector.

Are Cranes at U.S. Ports Chinese Spy Tools?

Are Cranes at U.S. Ports Chinese Spy Tools? An In-Depth Guide

Introduction

The use of Chinese-manufactured cranes at U.S. ports has raised significant concerns regarding national security, cybersecurity, and the potential for espionage. Here is a comprehensive guide to the issue, outlining the key findings and implications.

Background on Chinese-Manufactured Cranes

• Chinese company Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries (ZPMC), owned and controlled by the People’s Republic of China, dominates the global market for ship-to-shore (STS) cranes, accounting for roughly 80% of the STS cranes operational in the U.S.[3][4][5].

Security Vulnerabilities and Espionage Risks

• Recent congressional investigations have revealed that these Chinese-made cranes contain undocumented cellular modems that can be remotely accessed. These modems were not requested by U.S. ports and were not included in the contracts[1][2][4].
• The modems, connected to Linux computers on the cranes, can collect usage data and potentially bypass firewalls, creating a significant backdoor security vulnerability. This could allow the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to collect valuable intelligence, disrupt supply chains, and sabotage port operations[2][3][5].

Potential for Remote Access and Data Collection

• The installed modems enable remote monitoring and control of the cranes, which could be exploited by the CCP or other PRC government entities. This remote access could provide real-time data on crane operations and the shipping containers they handle, offering insights into American critical infrastructure[1][4][5].

Cybersecurity and National Security Implications

• The presence of these modems and the potential for remote access pose serious cybersecurity risks. If exploited, this could lead to the disruption of port operations, affecting both commercial and military supply chains. This vulnerability could cripple the U.S. economy and compromise national security[3][4][5].

Lack of Oversight and Contractual Gaps

• Contracts between U.S. ports and ZPMC do not prohibit or limit unauthorized modifications or access to the equipment. Critical internal components from third-party contractors are often sent to ZPMC for installation without oversight from the original manufacturers, further exacerbating the security risks[2][3].

Recommendations and Actions

• The House Committees on China and Homeland Security recommend severing the connections between ZPMC cranes and the cellular modems, installing operational technology monitoring software, and prioritizing the closure of security gaps at U.S. ports. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the U.S. Coast Guard are advised to ensure the safety and security of DoD-designated commercial strategic seaports[3].
• The Biden-Harris administration has announced plans to invest billions of dollars in cranes to counter Beijing’s potential influence and has issued an Executive Order to strengthen maritime cybersecurity and fortify the supply chain[3].

Economic and Strategic Consequences

• The reliance on Chinese-made cranes poses significant economic and strategic risks. In a potential future dispute over Taiwan, China could restrict or manipulate the supply of critical components essential to U.S. maritime infrastructure, including STS cranes[3].
• The U.S. is exploring domestic production of ship-to-shore cranes to reduce dependence on Chinese manufacturers and ensure a reliable supply of critical hardware[2].

Conclusion

The presence of Chinese-manufactured cranes at U.S. ports, equipped with undocumented cellular modems, represents a substantial security risk. These findings highlight the need for immediate action to address these vulnerabilities, protect national security, and ensure the integrity of critical infrastructure.

Chinese-made port cranes in US included ‘backdoor …

In-Depth Guide: Chinese-Made Port Cranes and Security Risks in US Ports

Introduction

A recent congressional examination has uncovered significant security vulnerabilities in Chinese-made port cranes used in US ports. This guide outlines the key findings and implications of this investigation.

Background

The investigation was conducted jointly by the House Select Committee on China and the House Homeland Security Committee. It focused on ship-to-shore cranes manufactured by Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries (ZPMC), a company owned and controlled by the People’s Republic of China.

Key Findings

Undocumented Cellular Modems

• The investigation revealed that Chinese-made port cranes in the US included undocumented cellular modems that were not requested by US ports or included in contracts[1][2][4].
• These modems were connected to Linux computers on the port cranes and were understood by technicians to be for diagnostic purposes, but they created an obscure method to collect information and bypass firewalls[1].

Security Vulnerabilities

• The presence of these modems constitutes a significant backdoor security vulnerability that undermines the integrity of port operations. They could potentially disrupt port operations and allow for espionage or sabotage[1][2][4].

Installation and Oversight

• The modems were installed in China before the cranes were delivered to US ports. US port personnel were unaware of who installed the modems, as they were already present when the cranes were inspected in China[2][4].
• Contracts reviewed by lawmakers showed that critical internal components from third-party contractors were sent to ZPMC for installation, often without oversight from the original manufacturers[1][3][4].

National Security Implications

Chinese Government Involvement

• ZPMC, being a subsidiary of China Communications Construction, is closely tied to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). This raises concerns that the CCP could use these modems to collect valuable intelligence and exploit vulnerabilities in US critical infrastructure[2][3][5].

Potential for Disruption

• The modems could allow the CCP to disrupt supply chains and the movement of cargo, which could have devastating effects on the US economy. This is particularly concerning in the context of potential future disputes with China, such as over Taiwan[2][3][4].

Recommendations and Actions

Severing Connections and Monitoring

• The committees recommend that US ports sever the connections between ZPMC cranes and cellular modems and install operational technology monitoring software to mitigate security risks[3].

Domestic Production and Cybersecurity Measures

• The Biden administration has announced plans to invest billions of dollars in domestic production of ship-to-shore cranes to reduce reliance on Chinese-made equipment. The US is also working with Japanese companies to start domestic production of these cranes[1].
• The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the US Coast Guard have been advised to prioritize closing security gaps at strategic seaports and ensuring the safety and security of these critical infrastructure points[3].

Economic and Strategic Context

Market Dominance and Supply Chain Risks

• ZPMC dominates the global market share of ship-to-shore cranes, accounting for roughly 80% of those operational in the US. This dominance creates significant cybersecurity vulnerabilities and national security risks due to the potential for Chinese government interference[3][4].

Geopolitical Tensions

• The findings of this investigation come amid heightened tensions between the US and China, particularly over issues like Taiwan. The PRC’s geopolitical ambitions and assertiveness raise concerns about the security of US maritime supply chains[3][4].

Conclusion

The presence of undocumented cellular modems in Chinese-made port cranes poses a significant security risk to US ports. The findings highlight the need for stringent cybersecurity measures, domestic production of critical infrastructure equipment, and careful oversight of contracts with foreign manufacturers to protect national security and economic stability.

Biden wants to cut U.S. need for Chinese cranes

Given that the specific website content from https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/07/09/cranes-china-ports-biden/ is not provided, the following guide is constructed based on the information available from the other sources.

Guide to the Security Concerns and Actions Regarding Chinese-Made Cranes at U.S. Ports

Introduction

The use of Chinese-made cranes at U.S. ports has raised significant national security concerns due to the potential for espionage, disruption of supply chains, and economic vulnerabilities. Here is a comprehensive guide to the issues and the actions being taken.

Security Concerns

Discovery of Communications Equipment

• A joint investigation by the House Committee on Homeland Security and the House Select Committee on China has revealed the presence of cellular modems in Chinese-made cranes that could be remotely accessed by hostile powers. These modems were not requested by U.S. ports and were installed despite not being included in the contracts[1][4][5].

Potential for Espionage and Disruption

• The modems found in the cranes can bypass local area networks, creating a backdoor for data collection and potential disruption of port operations. This poses a significant threat to national security, as it could allow the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to undercut trade competitors through espionage and disrupt supply chains[1][4][5].

Cybersecurity Risks

• The cranes, manufactured by Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries (ZPMC), integrate into port community platforms and other IT systems, handling sensitive data about containers and their contents. This integration increases the risk of cyber intrusions and data breaches[5].

Current Situation

Dominance of Chinese-Manufactured Cranes

• ZPMC supplies nearly 80% of the ship-to-shore cranes used in U.S. ports. This dominance raises concerns about the reliance on Chinese technology for critical infrastructure[1][2][5].

Ongoing Investigations

• The House Select Committee on China and the House Homeland Security Committee are conducting rigorous investigations into the threats posed by Chinese-made cranes. These investigations highlight the vulnerabilities in the current infrastructure and the need for immediate action[1][3][4].

Actions by the Biden Administration

Investment in Domestic Manufacturing

• The Biden Administration has announced a $20 billion investment in U.S. port infrastructure over the next five years, including grants to onshore the manufacturing of ship-to-shore cargo cranes. This initiative aims to reduce dependence on Chinese-made cranes and strengthen cybersecurity[3][5].

Cybersecurity Directives

• The U.S. Coast Guard has issued a Maritime Security (MARSEC) Directive to provide cyber risk management actions for owners or operators of ship-to-shore cranes manufactured by Chinese companies. This directive includes security-sensitive information and requires immediate action from port operators[3].

Tariffs on Chinese Goods

• The U.S. Trade Representative has implemented sweeping tariff increases on a wide range of Chinese goods, including ship-to-shore cranes. The tariffs aim to reduce the economic incentive for U.S. ports to purchase Chinese-made cranes and to encourage the use of domestically manufactured alternatives[2].

Partnerships for Domestic Production

• The administration has partnered with PACECO Corp., a U.S.-based subsidiary of Japan’s Mitsui E&S Co., to relaunch U.S. manufacturing capabilities for cranes after a hiatus of over 30 years. Additionally, Finnish-based Konecranes is establishing a supplier network to build cranes in the U.S.[2][3].

Industry and Port Authority Responses

American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA)

• The AAPA has argued against immediate tariff implementation, citing potential financial hardships and delays in critical port infrastructure investments. However, they acknowledge the potential risks associated with Chinese-made equipment and are taking steps to mitigate these risks[2][5].

Port-Level Actions

• Individual ports are aware of the concerns and are in cautious dialogue with the U.S. government. Some ports have welcomed the measures to enhance cybersecurity but face challenges in transitioning away from Chinese-made cranes due to their dominance in the market[5].

Future Outlook

Continued Vigilance and Compliance

• The Biden administration’s actions underscore the need for a more rigorous inspection and control regime over private assets and the replacement of Chinese-made cranes. This shift is expected to make a profound and costly impact on the ports and shipping sector[5].

Evolving National Security Policy

• National security policy is increasingly influencing the ports and shipping sector, with a focus on mitigating cybersecurity risks and reducing dependence on foreign-manufactured critical infrastructure. This trend is likely to continue, with ongoing investigations and new regulations aimed at strengthening U.S. supply chain resilience[3][5].

In conclusion, the use of Chinese-made cranes at U.S. ports presents significant national security risks, prompting a multifaceted response from the Biden administration and various congressional committees. The efforts to onshore manufacturing, implement cybersecurity directives, and impose tariffs are crucial steps toward mitigating these risks and ensuring the security and resilience of U.S. critical infrastructure.

Pentagon Sees Giant Cargo Cranes as Possible …

Overview of the Concerns About Chinese-Made Cargo Cranes

Introduction

U.S. national security and Pentagon officials have raised significant concerns that giant cargo cranes manufactured by the Chinese company ZPMC (Zhenhua Heavy Industries) could be used as spying tools. These cranes are widely used in American ports, including those utilized by the U.S. military.

Key Concerns and Risks

Sophisticated Sensors and Tracking Capabilities

The cranes are equipped with sophisticated sensors that can register and track the provenance and destination of containers. This capability raises concerns that China could capture critical information about materials being shipped in or out of the country, including those supporting U.S. military operations globally[1][3][5].

Remote Access and Disruption of Supply Chains

These cranes contain technology that allows for remote access, which could be exploited to disrupt the flow of goods. Former top U.S. counterintelligence official Bill Evanina highlighted that this remote access capability could be used to clog American ports or spy on military hardware without the need for physical presence[1][2][3].

Extent of Chinese Involvement

Dominance in Crane Manufacturing

ZPMC, a Chinese state-owned company, manufactures close to 80% of the cranes currently in use at U.S. ports. This dominance in the market amplifies the potential security risks associated with these cranes[3][4].

Integration with Other Chinese Technologies

The software and other technologies used in these cranes are also largely manufactured in China, further increasing the vulnerability to potential espionage and cyber attacks. This includes logistics management software and other surveillance technologies[2][4].

Government and Official Responses

Pentagon and National Security Concerns

Pentagon officials are actively investigating these security concerns, emphasizing the potential for these cranes to be used as tools for espionage and disruption of U.S. logistical operations. Retired General Jack Keane described this as part of the “most comprehensive penetration of the United States in our entire history”[3].

Regulatory Measures

In response to these concerns, the U.S. Coast Guard, on behalf of the Department of Homeland Security, has announced new cyber-risk management requirements for owners and operators of Chinese-made container cranes at U.S. ports. This includes contacting local Coast Guard Captain of the Port (COTP) to obtain copies of Maritime Security Directive 105-4[4].

Funding for Domestic Manufacturing

The White House has announced funding to bring port crane manufacturing capabilities back to the U.S. for the first time in 30 years, aiming to reduce dependence on Chinese-made cranes and mitigate associated security risks[4].

Chinese Response

Denial of Espionage Claims

Chinese officials have denied the espionage claims, describing them as “paranoia-driven” attempts to obstruct trade and economic cooperation between China and the U.S. A Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson termed the concerns as “misleading to the American public”[1][3].

Broader Implications

National Security and Supply Chain Vulnerability

The potential use of these cranes for espionage highlights broader vulnerabilities in U.S. supply chains and national security. FBI Director Christopher Wray has testified that Chinese attempts at planting spyware and mounting cyberattacks on U.S. infrastructure are at a scale greater than previously seen[4].

Global Context and Technological Advancement

China’s investment in advanced research and technology, combined with its strategic goals to dominate economically and militarily, underscores the significance of these concerns. The issue is part of a larger narrative of China’s comprehensive penetration into various aspects of U.S. and global infrastructure[3].

Conclusion

The concerns surrounding Chinese-made cargo cranes at U.S. ports are multifaceted and serious, involving potential espionage, disruption of supply chains, and broader national security risks. As the U.S. implements new regulations and seeks to reduce dependence on Chinese manufacturing, the situation remains a critical area of focus for national security officials and policymakers.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the key reasons for importing quayside container cranes from China?

Importing quayside container cranes from China is often driven by several compelling reasons. One of the primary factors is cost-effectiveness, as Chinese manufacturers typically offer these cranes at prices that are more competitive than those of their Western counterparts. Additionally, Chinese manufacturers adhere to high standards of quality, with many holding ISO and CE certifications, ensuring the cranes meet international quality benchmarks. The innovative technology integrated into these cranes, such as advancements in automation and heavy machinery, makes them highly reliable and efficient. Furthermore, Chinese manufacturers often provide customization capabilities, allowing the cranes to be tailored to meet the specific operational needs of different port environments.

How do I locate and evaluate the right suppliers for quayside container cranes in China?

Locating and evaluating the right suppliers for quayside container cranes in China involves several steps. You can start by using platforms like Alibaba, attending international expos such as the Shanghai International Port Machinery Exhibition, or obtaining referrals through industry networks. Once you have identified potential suppliers, it is crucial to conduct a thorough supplier evaluation. This includes verifying the suppliers’ credentials through their certifications, reviewing their project portfolios, and if possible, visiting their manufacturing facilities. Ensuring that the suppliers comply with relevant international standards and regulations, such as ISO and CE certifications, is also essential.

What are the essential documents required for customs clearance when importing quayside container cranes from China?

To ensure a smooth customs clearance process, several essential documents are required. These include a Commercial Invoice, which details the value and specifications of the purchased crane. A Packing List is also necessary, as it outlines the crane’s components and specifications. The Bill of Lading acts as a receipt and a contract between the shipper and the carrier. Additionally, a Certificate of Origin is needed to confirm that the crane was manufactured in China, which can be beneficial for tariff purposes.

What are the shipping strategies and considerations for transporting quayside container cranes from China?

Shipping quayside container cranes from China requires careful strategic planning due to their size and complexity. Typically, these cranes are transported via ocean freight using either Roll-On Roll-Off (Ro-Ro) or breakbulk shipping methods. It is advisable to partner with experienced logisticians, such as specialized logistics companies or agents who are adept at handling oversized cargo. These partners can manage the entire logistical process from China to your destination, ensuring that all aspects, including loading, transportation, and unloading, are handled efficiently.

What are the cybersecurity concerns associated with importing quayside container cranes from Chinese manufacturers?

There are significant cybersecurity concerns associated with importing quayside container cranes from Chinese manufacturers, particularly those from companies like ZPMC. These cranes have been found to contain embedded technology, including cellular modems, that could allow the Chinese government to gain remote access and potentially disrupt port operations. This technology, while sometimes justified for diagnostic and maintenance purposes, raises concerns about espionage and the ability to compromise critical infrastructure. The U.S. Coast Guard and other authorities have issued warnings and implemented additional security measures to mitigate these risks, emphasizing the need for strict cyber risk management and the potential for replacing foreign-built cranes with domestically manufactured ones.